Understanding Radon: The Silent Threat.
To most, unless you have a vivid memory of the periodic table, the term ‘radon’ won’t mean a whole lot. However, if you’re a homebuyer in the process of purchasing a new property or an estate agent looking to sell, the word might not be so alien. Understanding radon, how it enters the home and how it can impact residents is important when considering a house purchase.
Radon (Rn) is a colourless, odourless, and tasteless noble gas that occurs naturally and is found in almost every building to some degree. At standard temperature and pressure, it is known for its radioactive properties, which might have you wondering about the health risks it could pose to humans.
Radon Concentrations in the UK
In the UK, radon is a widespread environmental issue, with varying concentrations across the country. According to UKRadon.org, “For [radon] levels below 100 Bq m-3, your individual risk remains relatively low and not a cause for concern.”
Radon maps illustrate regions of both high and low radon levels, primarily influenced by the area’s geological composition. Areas rich in uranium and thorium deposits are particularly susceptible to higher radon concentrations. It can enter homes in many ways, including through cracks and openings in the foundation.
When radon gas is inhaled, it can emit alpha and beta radiation directly into lung tissue, and prolonged exposure can lead to potential cellular damage and an increased risk of diseases, including lung cancer.
Types of Radiation
Alpha Decay: This process involves the emission of a cluster consisting of two protons and two neutrons. Although alpha radiation can be easily blocked by a sheet of paper, a few inches of air or human skin, it poses a significant internal risk when inhaled, as it can damage lung tissues.
Beta Decay: In contrast, beta decay involves the emission of an electron and is slightly harder to block; plastic and aluminium are typical examples of protection although a combination of clothes and skin provide some degree of defence for humans. Nonetheless, inhalation of beta emitters, such as those produced from radon decay, remains a health concern.
Radon Testing
Given the health risks associated with radon exposure, tests can be done to determine the probability that a property has high levels of radon and the concentration of radon present.
A radon risk report evaluates local radon concentrations and the potential for accumulation, ultimately determining whether a property is in a “Radon Affected Area”. If the property is in a Radon Affected Area, it is highly recommended the radon concentration be measured. Radon risk reports are often applied for by solicitors during a property purchase.
A radon survey is different and is undertaken by a specialist radon surveyor who might carry out short or long-term sampling to determine the presence of radon within the property. The subsequent report will outline the risk and, where needed, recommend appropriate ways to mitigate against any health risks.
For accurate assessment, radon measurements typically involve placing two detectors in a home for a period of time. The detectors are then sent to a validated laboratory for analysis.
What does the presence of radon mean for homebuyers and homeowners?
Whilst radon can pose a significant health risk due to its radioactive properties, action can be taken to mitigate against its effects and minimise exposure.
- Testing
Professional and at-home testing is available to determine a property’s radon levels and will help residents/buyers to decide on next steps. - Increase ventilation
Open windows and vents to increase airflow, particularly on lower floors and at ground level. The use of electric fans and air exchange systems are also recommended. - Block any gaps
Radon can enter a property through the smallest of gaps, so be sure to seal any entry points e.g. in floors, walls and around pipework. Radon-resistant caulking materials are available for this purpose. - Install a Radon Mitigation System
Where a high concentration of radon is present, installing a Radon Mitigation System, such as a Radon Sump, can be done. A radon sump is an effective solution for reducing high radon levels. It creates a low-pressure void beneath the building, drawing radon gas from the soil, which is then safely vented away through an exhaust pipe with a fan. The exhaust pipe discharges the gas at a safe distance from doors and windows, typically above the eaves. - Positive pressurisation
By keeping indoor air pressure higher than the pressure in the ground below the home, you can create positive pressurisation. Using of air intake systems can help with this by adding a slight positive pressure indoors, which helps keep radon from seeping inside.
Whether you’re purchasing a property or advising buyers, it’s important to understand the risks posed by high concentrations of radon but also how they can be mitigated so that residents can still live happy, healthy lives in Radon Affected Areas. We hope this article has given you an insight into radon, how it impacts UK property, and its possible health implications.
Visit https://www.ukradon.org/information/ for more information about radon in UK homes. For similar articles, head to Sava Edge, our online technical library.
Article written by Sava Technology Consultant, Gareth Richardson.